Breathing Exercise and High-Intensity Bodyweight Interval Training Intervention Among Hypertensive Individuals: Study Protocol and The Preliminary Finding
Breath Training & HIIT: Hypertension Management
Abstract
Exercise is an important part of non-pharmacological treatment for people with prehypertension, hypertension, or those on antihypertensive medication. For optimum health, older adults should engage in 150-300 minutes of light to moderate aerobic activity or 75-150 minutes of strenuous aerobic activity per week, according to current recommendations. A 14-week randomised controlled trial was conducted with 87 participants, whose age is greater than 30 years, suffering from hypertension, with a body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.99 kg/m2 and physical inactivity. Participants were assigned to four groups: control (n:24), breathing exercise (BE) (n:21), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (n:20), and Mixed (n:22). The BE group practiced slow breathing exercises following an 8-sets protocol for 10 minutes. The HIIT group followed a 40-minutes exercise protocol. The mixed group performed both types of exercise, while the control group maintained their daily activities. Initial assessments were conducted at Week 0, with follow-ups at Weeks 6, 10, and 14. Repeated ANOVA was used to compare the groups, considering an alpha level of significance at p = 0.05. Preliminary data were obtained by 96 participants, with an average age of 59.4 + 9.1 years. The majority were women (87.5%), with an average body mass index of 22.7 + 1.6 kg/m2, a resting systolic blood pressure of 156 + 14 and a diastolic blood pressure of 91 + 10 mmHg. These preliminary findings showed no significant differences in systolic blood pressure scores, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, cortisol levels or C-reactive protein among the four groups. As many as 21% of participants included in prehypertension category, 38% included stage 1 hypertension and 42% included stage 2 hypertension. We predict that interventions with combined exercise will provide greater benefits than other interventions.
Keywords :
Breathing exercise,
high-intensity bodyweight interval training,
hypertension,
Abstrak
Senaman adalah bahagian penting dalam rawatan bukan farmakologi bagi individu dengan prahipertensi, hipertensi atau mereka yang menerima rawatan antihipertensi. Untuk kesihatan optimum, orang dewasa yang lebih tua harus melakukan 150-300 minit aktiviti aerobik ringan hingga sederhana atau 75-150 minit aktiviti aerobik berat setiap minggu mengikut saranan semasa. Kajian kawalan rawak selama 14 minggu telah dijalankan dengan 87 peserta yang berusia lebih daripada 30 tahun, mengalami hipertensi, indeks jisim badan (BMI) 18.5-24.99 kg/m2, dan tidak aktif secara fizikal. Peserta telah dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan; kawalan (n:24), latihan pernafasan (BE) (n:21), latihan interval berintensiti tinggi (HIIT) (n:20), dan Campuran (n:22). Kumpulan BE melakukan latihan pernafasan perlahan mengikut protokol 8 set selama 10 minit. Kumpulan HIIT mengikuti protokol senaman selama 40 minit. Kumpulan campuran melakukan kedua-duanya manakala kumpulan kawalan mengekalkan aktiviti harian. Penilaian awal dilakukan pada Minggu 0, dengan susulan pada Minggu 6, 10, dan 14. ANOVA berulang digunakan untuk membandingkan kumpulan dengan mengambil kira tahap signifikan alfa pada p = 0.05. Data awal diperoleh daripada 96 peserta, dengan usia purata 59.4 + 9.1 tahun. Majoriti adalah wanita (87.5%), dengan indeks jisim badan purata 22.7 + 1.6 kg/m2, tekanan darah sistolik rehat 156 + 14 dan tekanan darah diastolik 91 + 10 mmHg. Penemuan awal ini menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang signifikan dalam skor tekanan darah sistolik, kecergasan kardiorespiratori, kekuatan otot, tahap kortisol dan 'C-reactive protein' (CRP) dalam keempat-empat kumpulan. Seramai 21% peserta termasuk dalam kategori prahipertensi, 38% termasuk dalam tahap 1 hipertensi dan 42% termasuk dalam tahap 1 hipertensi. Kami meramalkan bahawa intervensi dengan senaman gabungan akan memberikan lebih banyak manfaat daripada intervensi lain.
Kata Kunci :
Hipertensi,
latihan pernafasan,
latihan jeda intensiti tinggi menggunakan berat badan,
Correspondance Address
Dr. Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin. Biomedical Science Programme & Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +603-9289 8043 Email: arimifitri@ukm.edu.my
