Self-Perceived Stigma and its Effect on Quality of Life among Malaysians Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Human  Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic remains  a significant burden  in Malaysia. Stigma related to HIV and its effect on the quality of life (QOL) of persons living with HIV (PLHIV) remains under-reported. The aim of the present study was to assess  self-perceived stigma  amongst  PLHIV attending  an  urban  community clinic and its influence on their QOL. Data was collected using HIV Stigma Scale and  WHO-QOL  HIV  BREF Scale.  The overall  stigma experienced by PLHIV in this community was  higher  than  previous  studies  (mean ± SD; 103.37  ±18.14). Majority participants had  fear disclosing  their disease  status, while  personalized stigma or the experience of prejudice and rejection was the least experienced. The overall QOL was low and was significantly impaired  in social relationship domain (mean ± SD; 12.72 ± 3.59). However, their ability to perform daily activities was not affected by the illness (mean ± SD; 14.48 ± 2.91). PLHIV with higher spiritual values demonstrate lower  perception of  negative  self-image  and  inferiority  (r= -0.54). This finding was unique  to PLHIV in this study and suggested  the importance of spirituality and personal  beliefs on their self-esteem. In conclusion, stigma remains as a significant problem  among  PLHIV in this community. Primary care offers the best platform to promote  a holistic management of PLHIV, where  the integration between counselors, religious experts, family and non-governmental associations could  come  together.  The management of PLHIV is unique  in every community, hence  individualized approach based on cultural norms and beliefs could assist in the overall management of PLHIV.