Malaysia is blessed to have several natural products. Since past decades, studies have been carried out to discover the highly effective anti-atherosclerotic supplements. The phytoestrogens and soy proteins have gained much attention, over the years. Several literature highlighted the therapeutic effect of alternative medicines on atherosclerosis. However, the overall anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of isoflavones regardless of menopause or postmenopausal state was not discussed, to date. This review aimed to summarize the molecular mechanism of different types of alternative medicines for the treatment of atherosclerosis in general population. The herbs commonly used in the treatment of atherosclerosis are garlic (Allium sativum), pomegranate (Punica granatum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) and green tea (Camellia sinenses). Nevertheless, the palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil and omega-3 also plays significant role in attenuating the risk of atherosclerosis by decreasing the LDL level, increasing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), scavenging the free radicals and also decreasing the inflammatory process. Daidzein improves atherosclerotic changes by activating the NF-ĸB pathway and regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Genistein reduces the monocyte-endothelial cell and adhesion molecules secretion via cAMP/PKA pathway, it decreases the inflammatory response via initiation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/ heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. Conclusively, we recognized that alternative medicines demonstrate remarkable therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of atherosclerosis in patients of all ages.
Exploring Alternative Medicines in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: an Insight into Molecular Aspect
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Abstrak
Malaysia diberkati kerana mempunyai beberapa produk semulajadi. Sejak dekad yang lalu, kajian telah dijalankan untuk menemui suplemen anti-aterosklerosis yang sangat berkesan. Phytoestrogen, iaitu protein soya, telah mendapat banyak perhatian, selama bertahun-tahun. Beberapa literatur pyhtoestrogen telah menekankan kesan terapeutik ubat-ubatan alternatif terhadap aterosklerosis. Walau bagaimanapun, mekanisme anti-aterosklerosis keseluruhan isoflavon tanpa mengira keadaan menopaus atau postmenopausal belum dibincangkan setakat ini. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan mekanisme molekul pelbagai jenis ubat alternatif untuk rawatan aterosklerosis pada populasi umum. Herba yang biasa digunakan dalam rawatan aterosklerosis ialah bawang putih (Allium sativum), buah delima (Punica granatum), halia (Zingiber officinale), kayu manis (Cinnamomum spp.) dan teh hijau (Camellia sinenses). Walau bagaimanapun, minyak kelapa sawit, minyak kelapa sawit, minyak zaitun dan omega-3 juga memainkan peranan penting dalam megurangkan risiko aterosklerosis dengan menurunkan tahap LDL, meningkatkan endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), menghancurkan radikal bebas dan juga mengurangkan proses keradangan. Daidzein meningkatkan perubahan aterosklerotik dengan mengaktifkan laluan NF-ĸB dan mengawal pernyataan sitokin radang. Genistein mengurangkan sel-sel monocytes-endothelial dan rembesan molekul melekat melalui laluan cAMP / PKA, ia mengurangkan tindak balas keradangan melalui permulaan faktor nukleus faktor faktor nikel 2 (Nrf2) / heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Secara keseluruhannya, kami menyedari bahawa ubat alternatif menunjukkan keberkesanan terapeutik yang luar biasa untuk rawatan aterosklerosis pada pesakit dari pelbagai usia.
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