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Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3B among Malaysian Diabetics in Primary Care and its Associated Factors: A Pilot 5-Year Case Control Study

Original article

Abstrak

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang berkait dengan penyakit ginjal kronik tahap 3b di kalangan pesakit kencing manis yang dirawat di Pusat Perubatan Primer UKM, khususnya peranan dos ubatan yang menyekat angiotensin. Kajian ini merupakan kajian kes-kawalan pilot yang tidak dipadankan dan dijalankan di sebuah pusat pengajaran perubatan primer. Data klinikal 25 kes pesakit dengan penyakit ginjal kronik tahap 3b (GFR 30-45ml/min/1.73m2) dalam tahun 2012 dipilih sebagai kes untuk kajian ini. Di samping itu, 103 pesakit diabetes yang mempunyai GFR lebih daripada 45ml/min/1.73m2 dalam tahun 2012 dipilih sebagai kawalan. Sampel dipilih secara rawak sistematik. Data pesakit diperolehi melalui rekod pesakit diabetes, sistem maklumat kesihatan komputer, dan fail perubatan pesakit. Analisis univariat menggunakan ujian chi square, t-test, Fisher’s exact test dan Mann-Whitney U-test. Regresi logistik digunakan untuk mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang berkait dengan pembentukan penyakit ginjal kronik tahap 3b. Kes dan kawalan berbeza dari segi umur, jangkamasa diabetes, penggunaan dan dos ubat penyekat angiotensin, tekanan darah sistolik dan GFR permulaan. Regresi logistic menunjukkan bahawa tekanan darah sistolik (Adjusted OR= 1.08, 95% CI= 1.02-1.14, p=0.013) and GFR tahap asas (Adjusted OR= 0.90, 95% CI= 0.85-0.95, p<0.001) berkait secara signifikan dengan pembentukan penyakit ginjal kronik tahap 3b di kalangan pesakit diabetes. Penggunaan dos ubat penyekat angiotensin yang maksimum memperlihatkan kesan perlindungan (Adjusted OR= 0.14, 95% CI=0.85-0.95, p=0.025). Kajian ini menyokong keperluan kawalan tekanan darah sistolik yang baik untuk melambatkan kemerosotan fungsi ginjal. Dos ubat penyekat angiotensin perlu dioptimumkan di kalangan pesakit-pesakit ini.

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with CKD stage 3b among type 2 diabetics attending primary care follow-up, specifically the role of angiotensin blockade dosage. This was a pilot unmatched case-control study conducted in a teaching primary care centre. Clinical data of 25 cases of diabetic patients with CKD stage 3b (GFR 30-45ml/min/1.73m2) in 2012 were selected for this study, as well as 103 controls who were diabetic patients with GFR more than 45ml/min/1.73m2 in 2012. Systematic random sampling was employed. Data was obtained from patients’ diabetic records, computerised clinical medical information system and medical case notes. Univariate analysis was done using Chi-square, t-test, Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the associated factors for development of CKD stage 3b. Cases and controls were different in terms of age, duration of diabetes, use and dosage of angiotensin blockade medications, systolic blood pressure and baseline GFR. Multiple logistic regression revealed that systolic blood pressure (Adjusted OR= 1.08, 95% CI= 1.02-1.14, p=0.013) and baseline GFR (Adjusted OR= 0.90, 95% CI= 0.85-0.95, p<0.001) was significantly associated with the development of CKD stage 3b among diabetics. Maximizing the dose of angiotensin blockade had a protective effect (Adjusted OR= 0.14, 95% CI=0.85-0.95, p=0.025). The results of the present study supports the need for good control of systolic blood pressure among diabetic patients to reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease progression. Dose of angiotensin blockade medications should be optimised in these patients.